In this paper, we proposed a widely tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser based on digital concatenated grating with multiple phase Knitwear shifts (MPS-DCG).The MPS-DCG can provide a comblike reflectivity spectrum with flat envelop covering over 100-nm wavelength range.Static characteristics of the MPS-DCG DBR laser, including the wavele
Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons were suggested to be a critical physiopathology substrate for addiction disorders.Among neuroadaptive processes to addictive drugs, structural plasticity has attracted attention.While structural plasticity occurs at both pre- and post-synaptic levels in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, the present review focuse
Abstract Background Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of four cusps instead of the usual three.It is estimated to occur in less than 0.05% of the population, with Type A (four equal-sized leaflets) accounting for roughly 30% of QAV subtypes.Based on limited clinical series, the usual presenta
This paper aims to examine HELMETS the impact of audit quality on stock crash risk in Tehran Stock Exchange.Down-to-up volatility (DUVOL) and whether or not experience crash month (CRASH) have been used as two criteria to measure stock crash risk.In addition, auditor industry specialization has been considered as an indicator of audit quality.The h